IC 3528

Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
IC 3528
SDSS image of IC 3528. Below the image is NGC 4540
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices
Right ascension12h 34m 55.90s
Declination+15d 33m 56.20s
Redshift0.04582 0.00004
Heliocentric radial velocity13,773 km/s
Distance657 Mly (201.43 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)14.6
Apparent magnitude (B)15.4
Characteristics
TypeSAB(r)b, Sy 1.5
Size0.40' x 0.4'
Notable featuresSeyfert Galaxy
Other designations
PGC 41882, GSC 01446-00639, 2MASX J12345592+1533561, VCC 1593, Z 99-95, NVSS B123244+155026, ALFALFA 1-358, AGC 220811, SDSS J123455.90+153356.2, FAUST 3256, [HB91] 1232+158, LEDA 41882

IC 3528 is spiral galaxy located 660 million light-years[1] away in the constellation of Coma Berenices.[2] It lies near to another spiral galaxy NGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far.[3][4] The object was discovered by Royal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904.[5] Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue[6] as VCC 1593, it is not a member of the Virgo cluster but a background galaxy.[7]

Physical characteristics

IC 3528 is classified a narrow-line Seyfert 1.5 type galaxy.[8][9] Containing X-ray emission,[10] the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflow kinematics in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature.[11] In addition, IC 4528 contains broad emission lines with widths measuring Hβ FWHM ≤ 2000 km s-1 and is a type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, with barred morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescent evolutionary history that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamical perturbations.[12]

Starburst activity

IC 3528 has an estimated star formation rate of ≳6 M⊙ yr-1[13] It is a dusty starburst galaxy exhibiting a strong Hδ line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected by reddening. Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on the Hα line, they found the values obtained from these optical emission lines in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr-1).[14]

Metallicity

IC 3528 has a low gas fraction and higher oxygen abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy and metal-rich, which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed average metallicity by ~0.1 dex.[15]

Supernova

SN 2001Z, a Type II supernova was discovered in IC 3528[16][17] by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = 12h34m55s.87, Decl. = +15o34'07".5 (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus.[18] SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with the Baade telescope. They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrow H-alpha and H-beta emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of the emission lines is z = 0.045.[19]

Black hole

Initially having an estimated range between 105.1- 1010.3 {M}⊙ with an Eddington ratio varying from -3.3 to 1.3 in logarithmic scale,[20] IC 3528 has a low-mass black hole (BH) of BH masses M BH ∼ 106-108 M⊙, powered by accretion matter.[21] Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be (7.3 ± 2.7) × 108 M⊙ and 1.4 × 1010 M⊙ respectively, which the mass upper limit of the BH decreses by two orders of magnitude below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of 0.58 ± 0.09 dex, 0.69 dex, and 0.65 ± 0.09 dex.[22]

References

  1. ^ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  2. ^ "Revised IC Data for IC 3528". spider.seds.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  3. ^ "Galaxies IC 3528 & NGC 4540 - Supernova 2001z". www.kopernik.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  4. ^ Keel, William C. (1996-02-01). "Seyfert Galaxies With Companions: Orbital and Kinematic Clues to AGN Triggering". The Astronomical Journal. 111: 696. doi:10.1086/117816. ISSN 0004-6256.
  5. ^ "Index Catalog Objects: IC 3500 - 3549". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  6. ^ "The Virgo Cluster". www.atlasoftheuniverse.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  7. ^ Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985-09-01). "Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area". The Astronomical Journal. 90: 1681–1758. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874. ISSN 0004-6256.
  8. ^ Grünwald, G.; Boller, Th.; Rakshit, S.; Buchner, J.; Dauser, Th.; Freyberg, M.; Liu, T.; Salvato, M.; Schichtel, A. (2023-01-01). "The first look at narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with eROSITA". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 669: A37. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244620. ISSN 0004-6361.
  9. ^ Lipovetsky, V. A.; Neizvestny, S. I.; Neizvestnaya, O. M. (1988-01-01). "A catalogue of Seyfert galaxies". Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii. 55: 5–133.
  10. ^ Anderson, Scott F.; Margon, Bruce; Voges, Wolfgang; Plotkin, Richard M.; Syphers, David; Haggard, Daryl; Collinge, Matthew J.; Meyer, Jillian; Strauss, Michael A.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; Hall, Patrick B.; Homer, L.; Ivezić, Željko; Richards, Gordon T.; Richmond, Michael W. (2007-01-01). "A Large, Uniform Sample of X-Ray-emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from the ROSAT All Sky and Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: The Data Release 5 Sample". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 313–329. arXiv:astro-ph/0609458. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..313A. doi:10.1086/509765. ISSN 0004-6256.
  11. ^ Sexton, Remington O.; Matzko, William; Darden, Nicholas; Canalizo, Gabriela; Gorjian, Varoujan (2021-01-01). "Bayesian AGN Decomposition Analysis for SDSS spectra: a correlation analysis of [O III] λ5007 outflow kinematics with AGN and host galaxy properties". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500: 2871–2895. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3278. ISSN 0035-8711.
  12. ^ Kim, Minjin; Ho, Luis C.; Peng, Chien Y.; Barth, Aaron J.; Im, Myungshin (2017-10-01). "Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 232: 21. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75. ISSN 0067-0049.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Lutz, D.; Shimizu, T.; Davies, R. I.; Herrera-Camus, R.; Sturm, E.; Tacconi, L. J.; Veilleux, S. (2018-01-01). "Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 609: A9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731423. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Poggianti, Bianca M.; Wu, Hong (2000-01-01). "Optical Spectral Signatures of Dusty Starburst Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 529: 157–169. doi:10.1086/308243. ISSN 0004-637X.
  15. ^ Hughes, T. M.; Cortese, L.; Boselli, A.; Gavazzi, G.; Davies, J. I. (2013-02-01). "The role of cold gas and environment on the stellar mass-metallicity relation of nearby galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 550: A115. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201218822. ISSN 0004-6361.
  16. ^ "Bright Supernovae - 2001". www.rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  17. ^ Hakobyan, A. A.; Adibekyan, V. Zh.; Aramyan, L. S.; Petrosian, A. R.; Gomes, J. M.; Mamon, G. A.; Kunth, D.; Turatto, M. (2012-08-01). "Supernovae and their host galaxies. I. The SDSS DR8 database and statistics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 544: A81. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219541. ISSN 0004-6361.
  18. ^ Li, W. D.; Modjaz, M.; Schwartz, M. (2001-03-01). "Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528". International Astronomical Union Circular. 7592: 2. ISSN 0081-0304.
  19. ^ Phillips, M.; Martin, G.; Valladares, G. (2001-03-01). "Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528". International Astronomical Union Circular. 7593: 4. ISSN 0081-0304.
  20. ^ Liu, He-Yang; Liu, Wen-Juan; Dong, Xiao-Bo; Zhou, Hongyan; Wang, Tinggui; Lu, Honglin; Yuan, Weimin (2019-08-01). "A Comprehensive and Uniform Sample of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei from the SDSS DR7". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 243: 21. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab298b. ISSN 0067-0049.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ Viswanath, Gayathri; Stalin, C. S.; Rakshit, Suvendu; Kurian, Kshama S.; Ujjwal, K.; Gudennavar, Shivappa B.; Kartha, Sreeja S. (2019-08-01). "Are Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Powered by Low-mass Black Holes?". The Astrophysical Journal. 881: L24. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab365e. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ Zaw, Ingyin; Rosenthal, Michael J.; Katkov, Ivan Yu.; Gelfand, Joseph D.; Chen, Yan-Ping; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; Brisken, Walter; Noori, Hind Al (2020-07-01). "An Accreting, Anomalously Low-mass Black Hole at the Center of Low-mass Galaxy IC 750". The Astrophysical Journal. 897: 111. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9944. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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