J. R. Clynes

Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byClement AttleeLeader of the Labour PartyIn office
14 February 1921 – 21 November 1922Chief WhipArthur HendersonPreceded byWilliam AdamsonSucceeded byRamsay MacDonaldMinister of Food ControlIn office
9 July 1918 – 10 January 1919Prime MinisterDavid Lloyd GeorgePreceded byDavid Alfred ThomasSucceeded byGeorge Henry RobertsParliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food ControlIn office
2 July 1917 – 9 July 1918Prime MinisterDavid Lloyd GeorgePreceded byCharles BathurstSucceeded byWaldorf AstorMember of Parliament
for Manchester PlattingIn office
14 November 1935 – 5 July 1945Preceded byAlan ChorltonSucceeded byHugh DelargyIn office
8 February 1906 – 27 October 1931Preceded byJames FergussonSucceeded byAlan Chorlton Personal detailsBorn27 March 1869
Oldham, Lancashire, EnglandDied23 October 1949(1949-10-23) (aged 80)
London, EnglandPolitical partyLabourSpouse Children2Signature

John Robert Clynes (27 March 1869 – 23 October 1949)^[1] was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and as Leader of the Labour Party (1921–1922), led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election.

He was the first Englishman to serve as leader of the Labour Party.

Early life

The son of an Irish labourer named Patrick Clynes, he was born in Oldham, Lancashire, and began working in a local cotton mill when he was ten years old.^[2] Aged sixteen, he wrote a series of articles about child labour in the textile industry, and the following year he helped form the Piercers' Union. He was mainly self-educated, although he went to night school after his day's work in the mill. His first book was a dictionary and then, by careful saving of coppers, he bought a Bible, William Shakespeare's plays, and Francis Bacon's essays.^[2] Later in life, he would amaze colleagues in meetings and in parliamentary debates by quoting verbatim from the Bible, Shakespeare, John Milton and John Ruskin.^[3] He married Mary Elizabeth Harper, a mill worker, in 1893.

Trade union and political involvement

In 1892, Clynes became an organiser for the Lancashire Gasworkers' Union and came in contact with the Fabian Society. Having joined the Independent Labour Party, he attended the 1900 conference where the Labour Representation Committee was formed; this committee soon afterwards became the Labour Party.

Clynes stood for the new party in the 1906 general election and was elected to Parliament for Manchester North East,^[1][4] becoming one of Labour's bright stars. In 1910, he became the party's deputy chairman.

Parliamentary career

During the First World War, Clynes was a supporter of British military involvement (in which he differed from Ramsay MacDonald), and, in 1917, became Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food Control in the Lloyd George coalition government. The next year, he was appointed Minister of Food Control and, at the 1918 general election, he was returned to Parliament for the Manchester Platting constituency.^[5]

Clynes became leader of the party in 1921 and led it through its major breakthrough in the 1922 general election. Before that election, Labour only had fifty-two seats in Parliament but, as a result of the election, Labour's total number of seats rose to 142. He was held in considerable respect and affection in the Labour Party and, although lacking the charisma of MacDonald, was a wily operator who believed all resources available should be used to advance the material of the working classes.^[6]

MacDonald had resigned as Labour leader in 1914, due to his wartime pacifism,^[7] and at the 1918 general election, he lost his seat. He did not return to the House of Commons for another four years. By that stage, MacDonald's pacifism had been forgiven. When the occupant of the Labour leadership had to be decided on through a vote of Labour parliamentarians, MacDonald narrowly defeated Clynes. Clynes was a critic of government policy towards the Irish population in the years after 1918, and attacked 'a recurring system of coercion' which had left Ireland "more angry and embittered . . . than ever'^[8]

Governmental office

When MacDonald became Prime Minister he made Clynes the party's leader in the Commons until the government was defeated in 1924. During the second MacDonald government of 1929–1931, Clynes served as Home Secretary.^[2] In that role, Clynes gained literary prominence when he explained in the Commons his refusal to grant a visa^[9] to the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, then living in exile in Turkey, who had been invited by the Independent Labour Party to give a lecture in Britain. Clynes had then been immortalised by the scathing criticism of his concept of the right to asylum, voiced by Trotsky in the last chapter of his autobiography My Life, entitled "The planet without visa".^[10]

In 1931, Clynes sided with Arthur Henderson and George Lansbury, against MacDonald's support for austerity measures to deal with the Great Depression. Clynes split with MacDonald when the latter left Labour to form a National Government. In the 1931 election, Clynes was one of the casualties, losing his Manchester Platting seat.^[5] Nevertheless, he regained this constituency in 1935,^[5] and then remained in the House of Commons until his retirement ten years later, at the 1945 general election.^[5]

Retirement and death

After retiring, Clynes was living in very straitened circumstances, with no other income than trade union pension of £6 per week. This pension debarred him from the Commons Ex-Members Fund. Doctors' and nursing fees in respect of his invalid wife had hit him heavily.^[11] MPs opened a fund to help and raised about £1,000.^[12] Thus, after a lifetime spent in advancing the material conditions of the people, he died in relative poverty in October 1949.^[6] His wife died a month later.^[11]

Honours

• He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1918, giving him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life.
• He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Oldham on 9 January 1946.^[13]
• He received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from the University of Durham and the University of Oxford.^[14]
• John Clynes Court, a social housing development in Putney, south west London, is named after him.

Notes

References

Further reading

• Clynes, J.R. Memoirs (1937)^[1]
• Edward, George From Mill Boy to Minister (1918)^[2]
• Judge, Tony. J.R. Clynes: A Political Life (2016)

External links

• Media related to John Robert Clynes at Wikimedia Commons
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by J. R. Clynes

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Sir James Fergusson	Member of Parliament for Manchester North East 1906–1918	Constituency abolished
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Manchester Platting 1918–1931	Succeeded by Alan Chorlton
Preceded by Alan Chorlton	Member of Parliament for Manchester Platting 1935–1945	Succeeded by Hugh James Delargy
Political offices
Preceded by The Lord Rhondda	Minister of Food Control 1918–1919	Succeeded by George Henry Roberts
Preceded by The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	Lord Privy Seal 1924	Succeeded by The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by Sir William Joynson-Hicks	Home Secretary 1929–1931	Succeeded by Sir Herbert Samuel
Trade union offices
Preceded by New position	Lancashire District Secretary of the National Union of General Workers 1896–1917	Succeeded by Fleming Eccles
Preceded by Herbert Skinner and John Wadsworth	Trades Union Congress representative to the American Federation of Labour 1909 With: Alfred Henry Gill	Succeeded by William Brace and Ben Turner
Preceded by J. E. Smith	President of the National Union of General Workers 1912–1924	Succeeded by Position abolished
Preceded by New position	President of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1924–1937	Succeeded by Fred Marshall as Chair of the Executive
Party political offices
Preceded by Ben Turner	Trades councils representative on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party 1904–1909	Succeeded by William Barfoot
Preceded by William Adamson	Chair of the Labour Party 1921–1922	Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald