Tangent vector

In mathematics, a tangent vector is a vector that is tangent to a curve or surface at a given point. Tangent vectors are described in the differential geometry of curves in the context of curves in Rⁿ. More generally, tangent vectors are elements of a tangent space of a differentiable manifold. Tangent vectors can also be described in terms of germs. Formally, a tangent vector at the point ${\displaystyle x}$ is a linear derivation of the algebra defined by the set of germs at ${\displaystyle x}$.

Motivation

Before proceeding to a general definition of the tangent vector, we discuss its use in calculus and its tensor properties.

Calculus

Let ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (t)}$ be a parametric smooth curve. The tangent vector is given by ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} '(t)}$ provided it exists and provided ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} '(t)\neq \mathbf {0} }$, where we have used a prime instead of the usual dot to indicate differentiation with respect to parameter t.^[1] The unit tangent vector is given by

Example

Given the curve

in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}$, the unit tangent vector at ${\displaystyle t=0}$ is given by

Contravariance

If ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (t)}$ is given parametrically in the n-dimensional coordinate system xⁱ (here we have used superscripts as an index instead of the usual subscript) by ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (t)=(x^{1}(t),x^{2}(t),\ldots ,x^{n}(t))}$ or

then the tangent vector field ${\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =T^{i}}$ is given by Under a change of coordinates the tangent vector ${\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {T} }}={\bar {T}}^{i}}$ in the uⁱ-coordinate system is given by where we have used the Einstein summation convention. Therefore, a tangent vector of a smooth curve will transform as a contravariant tensor of order one under a change of coordinates.^[2]

Definition

Let ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ be a differentiable function and let ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }$ be a vector in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$. We define the directional derivative in the ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }$ direction at a point ${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ by

The tangent vector at the point ${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }$ may then be defined^[3] as

Properties

Let ${\displaystyle f,g:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ be differentiable functions, let ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {w} }$ be tangent vectors in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ at ${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$, and let ${\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} }$. Then

1. ${\displaystyle (a\mathbf {v} +b\mathbf {w} )(f)=a\mathbf {v} (f)+b\mathbf {w} (f)}$
2. ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (af+bg)=a\mathbf {v} (f)+b\mathbf {v} (g)}$
3. ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (fg)=f(\mathbf {x} )\mathbf {v} (g)+g(\mathbf {x} )\mathbf {v} (f)\,.}$

Tangent vector on manifolds

Let ${\displaystyle M}$ be a differentiable manifold and let ${\displaystyle A(M)}$ be the algebra of real-valued differentiable functions on ${\displaystyle M}$. Then the tangent vector to ${\displaystyle M}$ at a point ${\displaystyle x}$ in the manifold is given by the derivation ${\displaystyle D_{v}:A(M)\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }$ which shall be linear — i.e., for any ${\displaystyle f,g\in A(M)}$ and ${\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} }$ we have

${\displaystyle D_{v}(af+bg)=aD_{v}(f)+bD_{v}(g)\,.}$

Note that the derivation will by definition have the Leibniz property

${\displaystyle D_{v}(f\cdot g)(x)=D_{v}(f)(x)\cdot g(x)+f(x)\cdot D_{v}(g)(x)\,.}$

See also

• Differentiable curve § Tangent vector
• Differentiable surface § Tangent plane and normal vector

References

Bibliography

• Gray, Alfred (1993), Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• Stewart, James (2001), Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Australia: Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
• Kay, David (1988), Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Tensor Calculus, New York: McGraw-Hill.