Penjodoh bilangan bahasa Cina
Dalam bahasa Cina, penjodoh bilangan (Cina Tradisional: 量詞code: zh is deprecated , Cina Ringkas: 量词code: zh is deprecated , pinyin: liàngcí) digunakan bersama kata bilangan untuk menentukan kuantiti sesuatu benda, atau dengan "ini"/"itu" untuk emngeal pasti benda tertentu.
Dalam bahasa Cina, kata bilangan itu sendiri tidak boleh menentukan kuantiti kata nama itu; sebaliknya, bahasa ini bergantung kepada apa yang dikenali sebagai kata ukuran atau penjodoh bilangan. Terdapat dua jenis penjodoh bilangan, iaitu namaan dan kerjaan, yang kerjaan pula digunakan untuk menyatakan kuantiti kata kerja dan berapa kali kerja itu dilakukan.
Adalah diingatkan bahawa penggunaan penjodoh bilangan dalam bahasa Cina memang wajib, iaitu, penjodoh bilangan mesti digunakan selagi adanya kata bilangan atau kata ganti nama. Berbeza dengan bahasa Melayu yang mana "sekawan burung" boleh diubah menjadi "beberapa ekor burung", dalam bahasa Cina hanya "一群鳥code: zh is deprecated " (一群鸟code: zh is deprecated ) diterima. Begitu juga, "seekor burung" patut diterjemah menjadi "一隻鳥code: zh is deprecated " (一只鸟code: zh is deprecated ).
Penggunaan juga bergantung kepada pilihan peribadi dan dialek. Contohnya, ada orang yang berkata 三部車code: zh is deprecated ; (三部车code: zh is deprecated ) dan ada yang berkata 三台車code: zh is deprecated (三台车code: zh is deprecated ) untuk memaksudkan "tiga buah kereta". Ada lagi yang menggunakan 三輛車code: zh is deprecated (三辆车code: zh is deprecated ) atau, dalam bahasa Kantonis, 三架車code: zh is deprecated (三架车code: zh is deprecated ), kesemua penjodoh bilangan ini sama tujuannya.
Sesetengah penjodoh bilangan adalah unit benar yang diperlukan semua bahasa untuk mengukur benda, contohnya kilometer. Unit benar ini dicatat terlebih dahulu, diikuti penjodoh bilangan namaan yang lain, dan akhirnya penjodoh bilangan kerjaan.
Penjodoh bilangan namaan
- Petunjuk
- T – Aksara tradisional
- R – Aksara ringkas
| Aksara Cina | Pinyin | Kantonis (Yale) | Kegunaan utama | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | R | |||
| 把code: zh is deprecated | bǎ | ba2 | benda yang boleh dipegang, agak panjang dan leper (pisau, gunting, pedang, kunci; juga kerusi) | |
| 班code: zh is deprecated | bān | baan1 | perkhidmatan berjadual (tren, dsb.), sekumpulan orang, satu kelas murid-murid | |
| 包code: zh is deprecated | bāo | baau1 | "bungkus" | |
| 杯code: zh is deprecated | bēi | bui1 | "cawan" — minuman | |
| 本code: zh is deprecated | běn | bun2 | "jilid" — bahan cetak yang berjilid (buku, dsb.) | |
| 筆code: zh is deprecated | 笔code: zh is deprecated | bǐ | bat1 | kuantiti duit yang besar |
| 部code: zh is deprecated | bù | bou6 | novel, filem | |
| 冊code: zh is deprecated /册code: zh is deprecated | 冊code: zh is deprecated /册code: zh is deprecated | cè | chaak3 | jilid buku (冊code: zh is deprecated lebih kerap dijumpai dalam tulisan Cina Tradisional, sebaliknya bagi 册code: zh is deprecated ) |
| 層code: zh is deprecated | 层code: zh is deprecated | céng | chaang4 | "aras", "lapisan" — bangunan, dsb. |
| 場code: zh is deprecated | 场code: zh is deprecated | chǎng | cheung4 | acara pertunjukan, permainan, sukan |
| 床code: zh is deprecated | chuáng | chong4 | "katil" — selimut, cadar | |
| 次code: zh is deprecated | cì | chi3 | "kali" — peluang, kejadian | |
| 齣code: zh is deprecated | 出code: zh is deprecated | chū | lakonan | |
| 袋code: zh is deprecated | dài | doi6 | karung, guni, saku | |
| 道code: zh is deprecated | dào | dou6 | unjuran lurus (sinaran, dsb.), arahan oleh pihak berkuasa, hidangan (makanan) | |
| 滴code: zh is deprecated | dī | dik6 | "titik" air, darah, cecair | |
| 點code: zh is deprecated | 点code: zh is deprecated | diǎn | dim2 | idea, cadangan, juga bererti "sedikit" |
| 頂code: zh is deprecated | 顶code: zh is deprecated | dǐng | deng2 | benda yang menjulur di atas (topi, dsb.) |
| 棟code: zh is deprecated | 栋code: zh is deprecated | dòng | dung6 | har. tiang, digunakan untuk bangunan |
| 堵code: zh is deprecated | dǔ | dou6 | tembok dan kepungan | |
| 段code: zh is deprecated | duàn | dyun6 | "rangkai" — kabel, jalan raya, dsb. | |
| 對code: zh is deprecated | 对code: zh is deprecated | duì | deui3 | "pasang" — orang, benda tertentu (subang dsb). |
| 頓code: zh is deprecated | 顿code: zh is deprecated | dùn | deun6 | makanan |
| 朵code: zh is deprecated | duǒ | do2/deu2 | awan, bunga | |
| 份code: zh is deprecated | fèn | fan6 | bahagian, potongan | |
| 封code: zh is deprecated | fēng | fung1 | surat | |
| 幅code: zh is deprecated | fú | fuk1 | hasil seni (lukisan, dsb.) | |
| 服code: zh is deprecated | fù | fuk6 | "dos" — ubat (Cina) | |
| 副code: zh is deprecated | fù | fu3 | benda yang berpasangan (sarung tangan, cermin mata dsb.) juga untuk set daun terup, mahjong | |
| 個code: zh is deprecated | 个code: zh is deprecated | ge (gè) | go3 | "buah" — benda tunggal, orang — secara amnya, penjodoh bilangan serba guna (penggunaan penjodoh bilangan ini dengan mana-mana kata nama diterima umum jika tidak diketahui penjodoh bilangan yang sebetulnya) |
| 根code: zh is deprecated | gēn | gan1 | "batang" — benda yang halus dan tipis (jarum, tiang, dsb.); "utas" (e.g. rambut) | |
| 股code: zh is deprecated | gǔ | gu2 | aliran (udara, bau, pengaruh) | |
| 罐code: zh is deprecated | guàn | gun3 | "tin" (minuman, makanan) | |
| 行code: zh is deprecated | háng | hong4 | "baris" — benda yang membentuk baris (perkataan, dsb.) | |
| 盒code: zh is deprecated | hé | hap6 | "kotak" (pita, makanan) | |
| 戶code: zh is deprecated | 户code: zh is deprecated | hù | wu6 | rumah (户code: zh is deprecated kerap dijumpai dalam tulisan tangan Cina Tradisional) |
| 伙code: zh is deprecated | huǒ | fo2 | penjodoh bilangan hinaan untuk kumpulan seperti samseng | |
| 家code: zh is deprecated | jiā | ga1 | kumpulan orang (keluarga, syarikat, dsb.) | |
| 架code: zh is deprecated | jià | ga3 | kapal terbang, piano, mesin | |
| 間code: zh is deprecated | 间code: zh is deprecated | jiān | gaan1 | bilik |
| 件code: zh is deprecated | jiàn | gin6 | hal, pakaian, dsb. | |
| 節code: zh is deprecated | 节code: zh is deprecated | jié | jit3 | "potong" — buluh, dsb. |
| 屆code: zh is deprecated | 届code: zh is deprecated | jiè | gaai3 | acara yang berjadual |
| 句code: zh is deprecated | jù | geui3 | baris, ayat, dsb. | |
| 棵code: zh is deprecated | kē | po1 | pokok dan tumbuhan seumpamanya | |
| 顆code: zh is deprecated | 颗code: zh is deprecated | kē | fo2 | benda kecil (mutiara, gigi dsb.) dan juga benda yang kelihatan kecil (bintang yang berjauhan) |
| 口code: zh is deprecated | kǒu | hau2 | orang di kampung, ahli keluarga; telaga | |
| 塊code: zh is deprecated | 块code: zh is deprecated | kuài | faai3 | "bidang" — tanah, batu, etc.; "potong" — kek (potongan), roti (hirisan) |
| 類code: zh is deprecated | 类code: zh is deprecated | lèi | leui6 | benda yang sama jenis atau sifatnya |
| 粒code: zh is deprecated | lì | lap1 | "biji" | |
| 輛code: zh is deprecated | 辆code: zh is deprecated | liàng | leung2 | kenderaan beroda: kereta, basikal, dsb. |
| 列code: zh is deprecated | liè | lit6 | tren | |
| 枚code: zh is deprecated | méi | mui4 | benda yang kecil dan leper (pingat, setem, gelang dsb.) | |
| 門code: zh is deprecated | 门code: zh is deprecated | mén | mun4 | benda yang berkaitan dengan akademik (kursus, mata pelajaran, dsb.) |
| 面code: zh is deprecated | miàn | min6 | benda yang leper dan licin (cermin, bendera, dsb.) | |
| 名code: zh is deprecated | míng | ming4 | orang yang bertaraf tinggi (doktor, peguam, ahli politik, kerabat diraja, dsb.); dalam bahasa rasmi, boleh digunakan untuk sesiapa (bukan yang bertaraf tinggi sahaja) | |
| 排code: zh is deprecated | pái | paai4 | benda-benda dalam barisan (kerusi, dsb.) | |
| 盤code: zh is deprecated | 盘code: zh is deprecated | pán | pun4 | benda leper (kaset video, CD, dsb.) |
| 批code: zh is deprecated | pī | pai1 | orang, barangan, dsb. | |
| 匹code: zh is deprecated | pǐ | pat1 | kuda dan haiwan tunggangan lain, rolls/bolts of cloth | |
| 篇code: zh is deprecated | piān | pin1 | kertas, rencana, dsb. | |
| 片code: zh is deprecated | piàn | pin3 | "hiris" — benda leper, kad, roti, dsb. | |
| 瓶code: zh is deprecated | píng | ping4 | "botol" — minuman | |
| 期code: zh is deprecated | qī | kei4 | "naskhah" — majalah | |
| 群code: zh is deprecated | qún | kwan4 | "kumpulan" (orang), "kawan" (haiwan) | |
| 扇code: zh is deprecated | shàn | sin3 | pintu, tingkap | |
| 首code: zh is deprecated | shǒu | sau2 | lagu, puisi, muzik dsb. | |
| 束code: zh is deprecated | shù | chuk1 | "jambak" | |
| 雙code: zh is deprecated | 双code: zh is deprecated | shuāng | seung1 | benda yang berpasangan (penyepit dsb.) |
| 艘code: zh is deprecated | sōu | sau2 | kapal | |
| 所code: zh is deprecated | suǒ | so2 | bangunan | |
| 臺code: zh is deprecated /台code: zh is deprecated | 台code: zh is deprecated | tái | toi4 | benda berat, terutamanya mesin (TV, komputer, dsb.); persembahan (teater, dsb.) |
| 堂code: zh is deprecated | táng | tong4 | sesi kelas, set perabot | |
| 趟code: zh is deprecated | tàng | tong3 | perjalanan, perkhidmatan pengangkutan berjadual | |
| 套code: zh is deprecated | tào | tou3 | "set" — buku, majalah, koleksi, pakaian | |
| 題code: zh is deprecated | 题code: zh is deprecated | tí | tai4 | soalan |
| 條code: zh is deprecated | 条code: zh is deprecated | tiáo | tiu4 | objek yang panjang, tipis dan anjal (ikan, seluar, dsb.) |
| 頭code: zh is deprecated | 头code: zh is deprecated | tóu | tau4 | "kepala" — haiwan tertentu (lembu, kambing dsb.), rambut |
| 團code: zh is deprecated | 团code: zh is deprecated | tuán | tyun4 | "bebola" — benda yang digelung menjadi bulat (bebola benang dsb.) |
| 位code: zh is deprecated | wèi | wai2 | penjodoh bilangan untuk menyapa orang dengan sopan | |
| 項code: zh is deprecated | 项code: zh is deprecated | xiàng | hong6 | projek |
| 樣code: zh is deprecated | 样code: zh is deprecated | yàng | yeung6 | benda-benda am yang berbeza-beza sifatnya |
| 扎code: zh is deprecated | zhā | ja1 | Dalam bahasa Kantonis, ini sama kegunaannya dengan shù (束code: zh is deprecated ), cth. sejambak bunga "balang", "jag" — minuman (Kata pinjaman bahasa Inggeris terbaru ini boleh dianggap sebagai tidak formal.) | |
| 盞code: zh is deprecated | 盏code: zh is deprecated | zhǎn | jaan2 | lampu, seteko teh etc. |
| 張code: zh is deprecated | 张code: zh is deprecated | zhāng | jeung1 | benda yang leper (kertas, meja, dsb.), muka, busur, lukisan, tiket, buruj |
| 陣code: zh is deprecated | 阵code: zh is deprecated | zhèn | jan6 | "ledakan", "letupan" — kejadian yang singkat (ribut petir, tiupan angin) |
| 支code: zh is deprecated | zhī | ji1 | benda yang panjang dan tipis (pen, penyepit, senapang, dsb.) | |
| 隻code: zh is deprecated | 只code: zh is deprecated | zhī | jek3 | "pasang" (tangan dsb.); "ekor" animals (burung, kucing, dsb.) |
| 枝code: zh is deprecated | zhī | ji1 | bentuk alternatif 支code: zh is deprecated ("batang"): digunakan untuk senapang dan bunga mawar | |
| 種code: zh is deprecated | 种code: zh is deprecated | zhǒng | jung2 | jenis benda |
| 組code: zh is deprecated | 组code: zh is deprecated | zǔ | jou2 | set, baris, siri, bateri (pasukan meriam) |
| 串code: zh is deprecated | chuàn | serangkai nombor; atau benda yang berangkai atau bergugus (nombor telefon, rantai, anggur dsb.) | ||
| 座code: zh is deprecated | zuò | jo6 | struktur atau binaan yang besar, gunung | |
Unit ukuran
| Aksara Cina | Pinyin | Kantonis (Yale) | Kegunaan utama | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | R | |||
| Masa | ||||
| 秒code: zh is deprecated | miǎo | miu5 | "saat" | |
| 分code: zh is deprecated | fēn | fan1 | "minit" | |
| 刻code: zh is deprecated | kè | hak1 haak1 | "suku", "15 minit" (terutamanya dalam dialek tertentu dan hasil terjemahan) | |
| 小時code: zh is deprecated | 小时code: zh is deprecated | xiǎoshí | siu2 si4 | "jam" (bukan penjodoh bilangan, mesti didahului 個code: zh is deprecated /个code: zh is deprecated ) |
| 鐘code: zh is deprecated | 钟code: zh is deprecated | zhōng | jung1 | "jam" (didapati dalam bahasa Cina Selatan, bukan penjodoh bilangan, mesti didahului 個code: zh is deprecated /个code: zh is deprecated ) |
| 時辰code: zh is deprecated | 时辰code: zh is deprecated | shíchén | si4 san4 | "2 jam" (kuno, bukan penjodoh bilangan, mesti didahului 個code: zh is deprecated /个code: zh is deprecated ) |
| 天code: zh is deprecated | tiān | tin1 | "hari" | |
| 日code: zh is deprecated | rì | yat6 | "hari" | |
| 年code: zh is deprecated | nián | nin4 | "tahun" | |
| 載code: zh is deprecated | 载code: zh is deprecated | zǎi | joi2 joi3 | "tahun" (kuno) |
| 世紀code: zh is deprecated | 世纪code: zh is deprecated | shìjì | sai3 gei2 | "abad" (bukan penjodoh bilangan, mesti didahului 個code: zh is deprecated /个code: zh is deprecated untuk menyatakan bilangan abad) |
| Berat/jisim | ||||
| 克code: zh is deprecated | kè | hak1 haak1 | "gram" | |
| 兩code: zh is deprecated | 两code: zh is deprecated | liǎng | 50 gram | |
| 斤code: zh is deprecated | jīn | gan1 | "kati", "paun", 1/2 kilogram | |
| 公斤code: zh is deprecated | gōngjīn | gung1 gan1 | "kilogram" | |
| 千克code: zh is deprecated | qiānkè | chin1 hak1/haak1 | "kilogram" | |
| 噸code: zh is deprecated | 吨code: zh is deprecated | dūn | deun1 | "tan" |
| Panjang/jarak | ||||
| 公分code: zh is deprecated | gōngfēn | gung1 fan1 | "sentimeter" | |
| 厘米code: zh is deprecated | límǐ | lei4 mai5 | "sentimeter" (Lebih kerap digunakan di Tanah Besar China) | |
| 寸code: zh is deprecated | cùn | chyun3 | "inci" Cina (⅓ desimeter) | |
| 吋code: zh is deprecated | cùn | chyun3 | inci British | |
| 尺code: zh is deprecated | chǐ | che2/chek3 | "kaki" Cina (⅓ meter) | |
| 呎code: zh is deprecated | chǐ | chek3 | kaki British | |
| 英尺code: zh is deprecated | yīngchǐ | ying1 chek3 | kaki British | |
| 公尺code: zh is deprecated | gōngchǐ | gung1 chek3 | "meter" | |
| 米code: zh is deprecated | mǐ | mai5 | "meter" | |
| 里code: zh is deprecated | lǐ | lei5 | "lǐ", "batu" Cina (500 meter) | |
| 哩code: zh is deprecated | lǐ | le1/lei5/li1 | batu British | |
| 英里code: zh is deprecated | yīnglǐ | ying1 lei5 | batu British | |
| 公里code: zh is deprecated | gōnglǐ | gung1 lei5 | "kilometer" | |
| 天文單位code: zh is deprecated | 天文单位code: zh is deprecated | tiānwéndānwèi | tin1 man4 daan1 wai2 | "unit astronomi" |
| 光年code: zh is deprecated | guāngnián | gwong1 nin4 | "tahun cahaya" | |
| 秒差距code: zh is deprecated | miǎochājù | miu5 cha1 geui6 | "parsek" | |
| Wang | ||||
| 圓/元code: zh is deprecated | 圆/元code: zh is deprecated | yuán | yun4 | "yuán", "¥" (unit matawang utama) |
| 塊code: zh is deprecated | 块code: zh is deprecated | kuài | faai3 | "yuán", "¥" (kata slanga) |
| 角code: zh is deprecated | jiāo | jiāo | "10 sen" | |
| 毛code: zh is deprecated | mǎo | hou4 | "10 sen" (slanga) | |
| 分code: zh is deprecated | fēn | fan1/fan6 | "satu sen" | |
Penjodoh bilangan kata kerja
| Aksara Cina | Pinyin | Kantonis (Yale) | Kegunaan utama | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | R | |||
| 遍code: zh is deprecated | biàn | bin3 pin3 | berapa kali sesuatu perbuatan dilakukan | |
| 場code: zh is deprecated | 场code: zh is deprecated | chǎng | cheung4 | berapa lama suatu kejadian berlaku dalam kejadian yang lain |
| 次code: zh is deprecated | cì | chi3 | kali (berbeza dengan 遍code: zh is deprecated , 次code: zh is deprecated menyentuh berapa kali tanpa mengira sama ada siap atau tidak) | |
| 頓code: zh is deprecated | 顿code: zh is deprecated | dùn | deun6 | perbuatan tanpa berulang |
| 回code: zh is deprecated | huí | wui4 | kejadian (dalam percakapan sahaja) | |
| 聲code: zh is deprecated | 声code: zh is deprecated | shēng | seng1/sing1 | tangisan, jeritan, dsb. |
| 趟code: zh is deprecated | tàng | tong3 | perjalanan, lawatan, dsb. | |
| 下code: zh is deprecated | xià | ha5/ha6 | perbuatan yang cepat dan selalunya tiba-tiba | |
Contoh
- Petunjuk warna
- penjodoh bilangan berwarna hijau manakala kata nama berwarna ungu.
- 去年我騎了一code: zh is deprecated 匹code: zh is deprecated 馬code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (去年我骑了一code: zh is deprecated 匹code: zh is deprecated 马code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Tahun lepas, saya menunggang seekor kuda.
- 這code: zh is deprecated 臺code: zh is deprecated 電視code: zh is deprecated 看了一code: zh is deprecated 次code: zh is deprecated 就壞了。code: zh is deprecated (这code: zh is deprecated 台code: zh is deprecated 电视code: zh is deprecated 看了一code: zh is deprecated 次code: zh is deprecated 就坏了。code: zh is deprecated )
- (Set) TV ini rosak selepas sekali menonton.
- 我訂了這兩code: zh is deprecated 班code: zh is deprecated 車code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (我订了这两code: zh is deprecated 班code: zh is deprecated 车code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Saya baru menempah (tiket untuk) dua perjalanan bas ini.
- 下完這code: zh is deprecated 陣code: zh is deprecated 雨code: zh is deprecated 我才會爬那code: zh is deprecated 座code: zh is deprecated 山code: zh is deprecated 。(下完这code: zh is deprecated 阵code: zh is deprecated 雨code: zh is deprecated 我才会爬那code: zh is deprecated 座code: zh is deprecated 山code: zh is deprecated 。)
- Selepas hujan berhenti barulah saya boleh medaki gunung itu.
- 一code: zh is deprecated 根code: zh is deprecated 頭髮code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (一code: zh is deprecated 根code: zh is deprecated 头发code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Sehelai rambut.
- 五code: zh is deprecated 分code: zh is deprecated (鐘code: zh is deprecated )。code: zh is deprecated (五code: zh is deprecated 分code: zh is deprecated (钟code: zh is deprecated )。code: zh is deprecated )
- (Masa) lima minit
- 十code: zh is deprecated 天code: zh is deprecated (時間code: zh is deprecated )。code: zh is deprecated (十code: zh is deprecated 天code: zh is deprecated (时间code: zh is deprecated )。code: zh is deprecated )
- (Masa) sepuluh hari.
- 一百code: zh is deprecated 頭code: zh is deprecated 牛code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (一百code: zh is deprecated 头code: zh is deprecated 牛code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Seratus ekor lembu.
- 一code: zh is deprecated 個code: zh is deprecated 蘋果code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (一code: zh is deprecated 个code: zh is deprecated 苹果code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Sebiji epal
- 一code: zh is deprecated 斤code: zh is deprecated 蘋果code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated (一code: zh is deprecated 斤code: zh is deprecated 苹果code: zh is deprecated 。code: zh is deprecated )
- Sekati epal
