Rudolf Vrba

Rudolf Vrba, nascido Walter Rosenberg, (Topoľčany, 11 de setembro de 1924 — Vancouver, 27 de março de 2006) foi um eslovaco - bioquímico judeu que, quando adolescente em 1942, foi deportado para o campo de concentração de Auschwitz na Polônia ocupada pelos alemães.

Biografia

Bioquímico judeu que, quando adolescente em 1942, foi deportado para o campo de concentração de Auschwitz na Polônia ocupada pelos alemães. Ficou conhecido por ter fugido do campo em abril de 1944, no auge do Holocausto, e por ter co-escrito um relatório detalhado sobre o assassinato em massa que ali estava ocorrendo. Distribuição do relatório por George Mantellona é creditado por ter interrompido a deportação em massa de judeus da Hungria para Auschwitz em julho de 1944, salvando mais de 200 000 vidas. Após a guerra, Vrba treinou como bioquímico, trabalhando principalmente na Inglaterra e no Canadá.^[1][2]

Vrba e o fugitivo Alfréd Wetzler fugiram de Auschwitz três semanas depois que as forças alemãs invadiram a Hungria e pouco antes de as SS iniciarem as deportações em massa da população judaica da Hungria para o campo. A informação que os homens ditaram aos oficiais judeus quando chegaram à Eslováquia em 24 de abril de 1944, que incluía que os recém-chegados a Auschwitz estavam sendo gaseados e não "reassentados" como os alemães sustentavam, ficou conhecido como o relatório Vrba-Wetzler. Quando o Conselho de Refugiados de Guerra o publicou com considerável atraso em novembro de 1944, o New York Herald Tribune o descreveu como "o documento mais chocante já emitido por uma agência do governo dos Estados Unidos". Embora tenha confirmado material em relatórios anteriores de poloneses e outros fugitivos, o historiador Miroslav Kárný escreveu que era único em seus "detalhes inabaláveis".^[3][4][5]

Houve um atraso de várias semanas antes que o relatório fosse distribuído amplamente o suficiente para chamar a atenção dos governos. O transporte em massa de judeus da Hungria para Auschwitz começou em 15 de maio de 1944 a uma taxa de 12 000 pessoas por dia. A maioria foi direto para as câmaras de gás. Vrba argumentou até o fim de sua vida que os deportados poderiam ter se recusado a embarcar nos trens, ou pelo menos que seu pânico teria interrompido os transportes, se o relatório tivesse sido distribuído amplamente e mais cedo.^[6][7]

Do final de junho a julho de 1944, o material do relatório Vrba-Wetzler apareceu em jornais e transmissões de rádio nos Estados Unidos e na Europa, particularmente na Suíça, levando os líderes mundiais a apelar ao regente húngaro Miklós Horthy para interromper as deportações.  Em 2 de julho, forças americanas e britânicas bombardearam Budapeste, e em 6 de julho, em um esforço para exercer sua soberania, Horthy ordenou que as deportações terminassem.  Até então, mais de 434 000 judeus foram deportados em 147 trens – quase toda a população judaica do interior da Hungria – mas outros 200 000 em Budapeste foram salvos.^[8]

Obras selecionadas

Holocausto

• (1998). "Science and the Holocaust", Focus, University of Haifa (edited version of Vrba's speech when he received his honorary doctorate).
  • (1997). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
  • (1998). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
• (1996). "Die mißachtete Warnung. Betrachtungen über den Auschwitz-Bericht von 1944". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 44(1), 1–24. JSTOR 30195502
• (1992). "Personal Memories of Actions of SS-Doctors of Medicine in Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II (Birkenau)", in Charles G. Roland et al. (eds.). Medical Science without Compassion, Past and Present. Hamburg: Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. OCLC 34310080
• (1989). "The Role of Holocaust in German Economy and Military Strategy During 1941–1945", Appendix VII in I Escaped from Auschwitz, 431–440.
• (1966). "Footnote to the Auschwitz Report", Jewish Currents, 20(3), 27.
• (1963) com Alan Bestic. I Cannot Forgive. Londres: Sidgwick e Jackson.
  • (1964) com Alan Bestic. Factory of Death. Londres: Transworld Publishers.
  • (1989) com Alan Bestic. 44070: The Conspiracy of the Twentieth Century. Bellingham, WA: Star & Cross Publishing House.
  • (2002). I Escaped from Auschwitz. Londres: Robson Books.

Pesquisa acadêmica

• (1975) com E. Alpert; K. J. Isselbacher. "Carcinoembryonic antigen: evidence for multiple antigenic determinants and isoantigens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72(11), November 1975, 4602–4606. PubMed PMC 388771
• (1974) com A. Winter; L. N. Epps. "Assimilation of glucose carbon in vivo by salivary gland and tumor". American Journal of Physiology, 226(6), 1974, 1424–1427.
• (1972) com A. Winter. "Movement of (U- 14 C)glucose carbon into and subsequent release from lipids and high-molecular-weight constituents of rat brain, liver, and heart in vivo". Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 50(1), January 1972, 91–105. PubMed
• (1970) com Wendy Cannon. "Molecular weights and metabolism of rat brain proteins". Biochemical Journal, 116(4), 1970, 745–753. PubMed PMC 1185420
• (1968) com Wendy Cannon. "Gel filtration of [U-14C]glucose-labelled high-speed supernatants of rat brains". Journal of Biochemistry, 109(3), September 1968, 30P. PubMed PMC 1186863
• (1967). "Assimilation of glucose carbon in subcellular rat brain particles in vivo and the problems of axoplasmic flow". Journal of Biochemistry, 105(3), 1967, 927–936. PubMed PMC 1198409
• (1966). "Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the fate of glucose carbon atoms in the mouse". Journal of Biochemistry, 99(2), May 1966, 367–380. PubMed PMC 265005
• (1964). "Utilization of glucose carbon in vivo in the mouse". Nature, 202, 18 April 1964, 247–249. PubMed
• (1963) com H. S. Bachelard; J. Krawcynski. "Interrelationship between glucose utilization of brain and heart". Nature, 197, 1963, 869–870. PubMed
• (1962) com H. S. Bachelard, et al. "Effect of reserpine on the heart". The Lancet, 2(7269), 22 December 1962, 1330–1331. PubMed
• (1962) com M. K. Gaitonde; D. Richter. "The conversion of the glucose carbon into protein in the brain and other organs of the rat". Journal of Neurochemistry, 9(5), September 1962, 465–475. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1962.tb04199.x PubMed
• (1962). "Glucose metabolism in rat brain in vivo". Nature, 195 (4842), August 1962, 663–665. doi:10.1038/195663a0 PubMed
• (1961) com Kunjlata Kothary. "The release of ammonia from rat brain proteins during acid hydrolysis". Journal of Neurochemistry, 8(1), October 1961, 65–71. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1961.tb13527.x
• (1959) com Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Observations on endogenous metabolism in brain in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Neurochemistry 4(4), October 1959, 338–349. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1959.tb13215.x
• (1958) com Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Endogenous Metabolism in Brain Cortex Slices". Nature, 182, 1958, 237–238. doi:10.1038/182237a0
• (1957) com Jaroslava Folbergrova; V. Kanturek. "Ammonia Formation in Brain Cortex Slices". Nature, 179(4557), 1957, 470–471. doi:10.1038/179470a0 PubMed
• (1956). "On the participation of ammonia in cerebral metabolism and function". Review of Czechoslovak Medicine, 3(2), 81–106. PubMed
• (1955). "Significance of glutamic acid in metabolic processes in the rat brain during physical exercise". Nature, 176(4496), 1955, 1258–1261. PubMed
• (1955). "A source of ammonia and changes of protein structure in the rat brain during physical exertion". Nature, 176(4472), 16 July 1955, 117–118. PubMed
• (1955). "Effect of physical stress on metabolic function of the brain. III. Formation of ammonia and structure of proteins in the brain". Chekhoslovatskaia Fiziologila., 4(4), 397–408 (in German). PubMed
• (1954) com Arnošt Kleinzeller; Jiři Málek. Manometrické metody a jejich použití v biologii a biochemii. Prague: Státní Zdravotnické Nakladatelství ("State Health Publishing").

Referências

Fontes

• Arendt, Hannah (2006) [1963]. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. London: Penguin Classics -->
• Bauer, Yehuda (1994). Jews for Sale? Nazi–Jewish Negotiations 1933–1945. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 
• Bauer, Yehuda (1997a). «The Holocaust in Hungary: Was Rescue Possible?». In: Cesarani, David. Genocide and Rescue: The Holocaust in Hungary 1944. Oxford: Berg 
• Bauer, Yehuda (1997b). «Anmerkungen zum 'Auschwitz-Bericht' von Rudolf Vrba» (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 45 (2): 297–307 
• Bauer, Yehuda (2002). Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press 
• Bauer, Yehuda (2006). «Rudolf Vrba und die Auschwitz-Protokolle: Eine Antwort auf John S. Conway». Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 54 (4): 701–710. JSTOR 20754059. doi:10.1524/vfzg.2006.54.4.701 
• Bartrop, Paul R. (2017). «Soos, Géza». In: Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael. The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 604–605 
• Berenbaum, Michael (14 de outubro de 2004). «Righteous Anger Fuels 'Auschwitz'». Jewish Journal. Cópia arquivada em 11 de fevereiro de 2020 
• Bestic, Alan (1964) [1963]. «Preface». In: Vrba, Rudolf; Bestic, Alan. I Cannot Forgive. New York: Grove Press, Inc. pp. 7–8 
• Bogdanor, Paul (2016). Kasztner's Crime. New Brunswick and New York: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-6443-5 
• Braham, Randolph L. (2000). The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. Condensed edition. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0814326916 
• Braham, Randolph L. (2011). «Hungary: The Controversial Chapter of the Holocaust». In: Braham, Randolph L.; Vanden Heuvel, William. The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 29–49. ISBN 978-0880336888 
• Braham, Randolph L. (2016a). The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0880337113 
• Braham, Randolph L. (2016b). The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0880337113 
• Conway, John S. (1979). «Frühe Augenzeugenberichte aus Auschwitz—Glaubwürdigkeit und Wirkungsgeschichte» (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 27 (2): 260–284 
• Conway, John S. (1984a). «Der Holocaust in Ungarn. Neue Kontroversen und Überlegungen» (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 32 (2): 179–212 
• Conway, John (1984b). «The First Report about Auschwitz». Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual. 1: 133–151. Cópia arquivada em 13 de fevereiro de 2020 
• Conway, John (2002). «The Significance of the Vrba–Wetzler Report on Auschwitz-Birkenau». In: Vrba, Rudolf. I Escaped from Auschwitz. Fort Lee: Barricade Books. pp. 289–324 
• Conway, John (julho de 2005). «Flucht aus Auschwitz: Sechzig Jahre danach later». Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 53 (3): 461–472. Cópia arquivada em 19 de julho de 2011 
• Czech, Danuta (2000). «A Calendar of the Most Important Events in the History of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp». In: Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek. Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. V: Epilogue. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 119–231. ISBN 978-8385047872. OCLC 929235229 
• Douglas, Lawrence (2005). The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press 
• Dwork, Debórah; van Pelt, Robert Jan (1996). Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03933-1 
• Fleming, Michael (2014). Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
• Gilbert, Martin (1990) [1981]. Auschwitz and the Allies. London: Holt Paperbacks 
• Gomel, Elana (2003). Bloodscripts: Writing the Violent Subject. [S.l.]: Ohio State University Press 
• Halász, Dorottya Sziszkoszné (2000). «The United States and the Joel Brand Mission: Help or Hindrance?». Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies. 6 (2): 259–266. JSTOR 41274108 
• Hamerow, Theodore S. (2008). Why We Watched: Europe, America, and the Holocaust. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393064629 
• Hilberg, Raul (2003a). The Destruction of the European Jews. II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 
• Hilberg, Raul (2003b). The Destruction of the European Jews. III. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 
• Hilberg, Raul (2020). Pehle, Walter H.; Schlott, René, eds. The Anatomy of the Holocaust: Selected Works from a Life of Scholarship. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78920-355-4 
• Kahn, Robert A. (2004). Holocaust Denial and the Law: A Comparative Study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 
• Kárný, Miroslav (1998) [1994]. «The Vrba and Wetzler Report». In: Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 553–564 
• Keren, Nili (1998). «The Family Camp». In: Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 428–440. ISBN 9780253208842 
• Klein, George (1992). «The Ultimate Fear of the Traveler Returning from Hell». Pietà. Cambridge, MA, and London: The MIT Press. pp. 125–160 
• Klein, George (2011). «Confronting the Holocaust: An Eyewitness Account». In: Braham, Randolph L.; Vanden Heuvel, William. The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 255–283 
• Kornberg, Jacques (2015). The Pope's Dilemma: Pius XII Faces Atrocities and Genocide in the Second World War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 
• Kranzler, David (2000). The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 
• Kubátová, Hana (2014). «Jewish Resistance in Slovakia, 1938–45». In: Henry, Patrick. Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. pp. 504–518 
• Kubátová, Hana; Láníček, Jan (2018). The Jew in Czech and Slovak Imagination, 1938-89: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Zionism. Leiden and Boston: Brill 
• Kulka, Erich (1985). «Attempts by Jewish Escapees to Stop Mass Extermination». Jewish Social Studies. 47 (3/4): 295–306. JSTOR 4467305 
• Lanzmann, Claude (1995). Shoah: The Complete Text Of The Acclaimed Holocaust Film. New York: Da Capo Press 
• Linn, Ruth (2004). Escaping Auschwitz. A Culture of Forgetting. New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801441301 
• Lipstadt, Deborah (1993) [1985]. Beyond Belief: The American Press & the Coming of the Holocaust 1933–1945. New York: Free Press 
• Löb, Ladislaus (2009). Rezso Kasztner. The Daring Rescue of Hungarian Jews: A Survivor's Account. London: Pimlico  First published as Dealing with Satan: Rezso Kasztner's Daring Rescue Mission. London: Jonathan Cape, 2008.
• Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press 
• Martin, Sandra (2012). «Rudolf Vrba». Working the Dead Beat: 50 Lives that Changed Canada. Toronto: House of Anansi Press. 390–395 
• Mordowicz, Czeslaw (1995–1996). «Oral history interview with Czeslaw Mordowicz (interviewed by Jacek Nowakowski)». The Jeff and Toby Herr Oral History Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. English transcript 
• Müller, Filip (1999). Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 122. ISBN 9781566632713 
• Paldiel, Mordecai (2017). Saving One's Own: Jewish Rescuers During the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 
• Pendas, Devin O. (2006). The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
• Piper, Franciszek (2000). «The Number of Victims». In: Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek. Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume III: Mass Murder. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 205–231 
• Rubinstein, William D. (2002) [1997]. The Myth of Rescue. London and New York: Routledge 
• Segev, Tom (2000) [1991]. The Seventh Million. New York: Henry Holt and Company 
• Strzelecki, Andrzej (1998). «The Plunder of Victims and Their Corpses». In: Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 246–266 
• Świebocki, Henryk (2000). Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek, eds. Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. IV: The Resistance Movement. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. ISBN 978-8385047872. OCLC 874233579 
• Świebocki, Henryk, ed. (2002). London has been informed ... Reports by Auschwitz Escapees. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. ISBN 83-88526-20-0 
• Szabó, Zoltán Tibori (2011). «The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?». In: Braham, Randolph L.; vanden Heuvel, William. The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press 
• van Pelt, Robert Jan (2002). The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253340160 
• van Pelt, Robert Jan (2011). «When the Veil was Rent in Twain: Auschwitz, the Auschwitz Protocols, and the Shoah testimony of Rudolf Vrba». In: Braham, Randolph L.; vanden Heuvel, William. The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 121–151 
• Vrba, Robin (2011). «Foreword». In: Braham, Randolph L.; vanden Heuvel, William. The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xi–xii 
• Vrba, Rudolf (1964) [16 July 1961]. «Appendix I: Israeli Embassy Deposition». In: Vrba, Alan; Bestic, Rudolf. I Cannot Forgive. New York: Grove Press, Inc. pp. 273–276 
• Vrba, Rudolf; Bestic, Alan (1964) [1963]. I Cannot Forgive. New York: Grove Press, Inc. 
• Vrba, Rudolf (1972). «Oral history interview with Rudolf Vrba». The Jeff and Toby Herr Oral History Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (copy purchased from the Imperial War Museum, February 1995). Original transcript (archived); USHMM transcript (archived). Interview originally conducted for World at War, Thames Television (London). Cópia arquivada em 22 de dezembro de 2018 
• Vrba, Rudolf. «Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Rudolf Vrba». New York: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 
• Vrba, Rudolf (1998). «The Preparations For The Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account». In: Braham, Randolph L.; Miller, Scott. The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 50–102. ISBN 0-8143-2737-0 
• Vrba, Rudolf (2002) [1963]. I Escaped from Auschwitz. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. ISBN 9-78-1569-802328 
• Vrbová, Gerta (2006). Trust and Deceit: A Tale of Survival in Slovakia and Hungary, 1939–1945. London and Portland: Vallentine Mitchell 
• Ward, James Mace (2013). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Ithaka: Cornell University Press 
• Wetzler, Alfred (2007) [1964]. Escape From Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845451837 . First published as Lánik, Jozef (1964). Čo Dante nevidel. Bratislava: Osveta. OCLC 833945571
• Yablonka, Hanna; Tlamim, Moshe (2003). «The Development of Holocaust Consciousness in Israel: The Nuremberg, Kapos, Kastner, and Eichmann Trials». Israel Studies. 8 (3 (Israel and the Holocaust)): 1–24. JSTOR 0245616. doi:10.2979/ISR.2003.8.3.1 
• Yahil, Leni (1991) [1990]. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press 
• Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press 

Este artigo sobre uma pessoa é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia expandindo-o. v d e

• Portal de biografias
• Portal da educação