Poetika

Poetika je teorija strukture, forme i diskursa^[4]^[5] unutar književnosti,^[6] i, posebno, unutar poezije.^[7]

Istorija

Termin poetika potiče od starogrčkog ποιητικός poietikos' „koji se odnosi na poeziju“; takođe „kreativni“ i „produktivni“.^[8] U zapadnom svetu, razvoj i evolucija poetike karakteriše tri umetnička pokreta koja se bave poetskom kompozicijom: (i) formalistički, (2) objektivistički i (iii) aristotelovski. (pogledajte Poetiku).^[9] Aristotelova Poetika je prva sačuvana filozofska rasprava koja se fokusira na teoriju književnosti. Arapski prevod Aristotelove poetike od Abu Bišra Mata ibn Junusa

Delo je dugo bilo izgubljeno za zapadni svet. Bilo je dostupno u srednjem veku i ranoj renesansi samo preko latinskog prevoda arapskog komentara koji je napisao Averoes i preveo Hermanus Aleman 1256. Tačan grčko-latinski prevod koji je napravio Vilijam od Moerbeka 1278. je praktično ignorisan. Arapski prevod je uveliko odstupio u rečniku od originalne Poetike i pokrenuo je pogrešno tumačenje aristotelovske misli koje se nastavilo kroz srednji vek. Moderna poetika se razvila u renesansnoj Italiji. Potreba da se antički književni tekstovi tumače u svetlu hrišćanstva, da se procene i ocene narativi Dantea, Petrarke i Bokača, doprineli su razvoju složenih diskursa o teoriji književnosti. Zahvaljujući pre svega delu Genealogia Deorum Gentilium (1360) Đovanija Bokača, književna elita je stekla bogato razumevanje metaforičkih i figurativnih tropa. Latinski prevod Aristotelovog teksta Đorđa Vala iz 1498. (prvi koji je objavljen) uključen je u aldinsko izdanje grčkog originala iz 1508. kao deo antologije Rhetores graeci. Usledio je sve širi korpus tekstova o poetici u kasnijem petnaestom veku i tokom celog šesnaestog, fenomen koji je započeo u Italiji i proširio se na Španiju, Englesku i Francusku. Među najznačajnijim renesansnim delima o poetici su De arte poetica Marka Đirolama Vide (1527) i La Poetica Đana Đorđa Trisina (1529, prošireno izdanje 1563). U ranim decenijama šesnaestog veka pojavile su se vernakularne verzije Aristotelove Poetike, koje su kulminirale italijanskim izdanjima Lodovika Kastelvetra iz 1570. i 1576.

Luis de Gongora (1561–1627) i Baltasar Grasijan (1601–58) doneli su poetici drugačiju formu sofizma. Emanuel Tesauro je opširno pisao u svom Il Cannocchiale Aristotelico (Aristotelovska špijunski dvogled, 1654), o figure ingeniose i figure metaforiche.^[10] Tokom romantičarske ere, poetika je težila ekspresionizmu i naglašavala subjekt koji opaža. Poetika dvadesetog veka se vratila aristotelovskoj paradigmi, praćena trendovima ka metakritičnosti, i uspostavljanjem savremene teorije poetike.^[11] Istočna poetika je razvila lirsku poeziju, a ne reprezentativnu mimetičku poeziju zapadnog sveta.^[9]

Književna kritika

Poetika se od hermeneutike^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] razlikuje po tome što se fokusira ne na značenje teksta, već radije na razumevanju kako se različiti elementi teksta spajaju i proizvode određene efekte na čitaoca.^[16] Većina književnih kritika kombinuje poetiku i hermeneutiku u jednoj analizi; međutim, jedno ili drugo može preovladavati s obzirom na tekst i ciljeve onoga koji čita.

Vidi još

Spisak osnovnih pesničkih tema
Kognitivna poetika
Deskriptivna poetika
Istorijska poetika
Stilska figura
Analiza poezije
Stilsko sredstvo
Retoričko sredstvo
Metrika (poezija)
Alegorija
Aluzija
Slike
Muzička forma
Simbolistička poezija
Zvučna poezija
Refren
Teorija književnosti
Istorija poezije
Udruženje za poetiku i lingvistiku
Teopoetika

Reference

^ Aristotelis Opera. XI. Превод: Bekker, August Immanuel. 1837.
^ Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski. Florence, Ky.: Heinle & Heinle. стр. 31. ISBN 0-03-091152-4.
^ Aristotle (1987). Aristotle: Poetics, with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On the Poets. Превод: Janko, Richard. London: Hackett.
^ Foucault, Michel (1972) [1969]. Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-415-28752-4.
^ Norton, Bonny (1997). „Language, identity, and the ownership of English”. TESOL Quarterly. 31 (3): 409—429. JSTOR 3587831. doi:10.2307/3587831.
^ Gérard Genette (2005), Essays In Aesthetics, Volume 4, p.14:
My program then was named "Theory of Literary Forms" — a title that I supposed to be less ambiguous for minds a little distant from this specialty, if it is one, than its (for me) synonym Poetics.
^ „poetics”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
^ "poetic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ ^а ^б Brogan, T. (1994). The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03672-4.
^ Benassi, A., “Lo scherzevole inganno. Figure ingegnose e argutezza nel Cannocchiale aristotelico di Emanuele Tesauro”, Studi secenteschi 47 (2006) 9–55.
^ Preminger, Alex (2016). Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics (на језику: енглески). Macmillan International Higher Education. стр. 952. ISBN 978-1-349-15617-7. ^{[мртва веза]}
^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. „The American Heritage Dictionary entry: hermeneutics”. www.ahdictionary.com.
^ „Definition of HERMENEUTICS”. www.merriam-webster.com. децембар 2023. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^ Audi, Robert (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd изд.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 377. ISBN 978-0521637220.
^ Reese, William L. (1980). Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion. Sussex: Harvester Press. стр. 221. ISBN 978-0855271473.
^ Culler, Jonathan (1997). Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction.

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

Poetika на Викимедијиној остави.

librivox.org audio recording
Project Gutenberg – Poetics (Aristotle)
Aristotle's Poetics: Perseus Digital Library edition
Greek text from Hodoi elektronikai
Critical edition (Oxford Classical Texts) by Ingram Bywater
Seven parallel translations of Poetics: Russian, English, French
Aristotle: Poetics entry by Joe Sachs in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Notes of Friedrich Sylburg (1536-1596) in a critical edition (parallel Greek and Latin) available at Google Books
Analysis and discussion in the BBC's In Our Time series on Radio 4.