Regional group of Australian language families
| Daly |
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| (geographic) |
Geographic
distribution | Daly River region, northern Australia |
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| Linguistic classification | Geographic group of Australian language families. |
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| Subdivisions | - Malak-Malak
- Wagaydyic
- Eastern Daly †
- Western Daly
- Southern Daly
|
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| Glottolog | None |
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 The Daly languages (color), among the other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey) |
Closeup. Anson Bay is the northernmost section, Murrinh-patha the westernmost. | North Daly West Daly | East Daly South Daly | |
The Daly languages are an areal group of four to five language families of Indigenous Australian languages.[1][2] They are spoken within the vicinity of the Daly River in the Northern Territory.
Classification
In the lexicostatistic classification of O'Grady, Voegelin and Voegelin, the Daly languages were put in four distinct families.[3] Darrell Tryon combined these into a single family, with the exception of Murrinh-patha.[4][5] However, such methodologies are less effective with languages with a long history of word borrowing.
Linguist Ian Green found that the languages could not be shown to be related by the comparative method, and so should be considered five independent families and language isolates.[6] The features they do share also tend to be shared with neighboring languages outside the Daly group.
The established families (according to Nordlinger) are:
Malak-Malak and Wagaydyic were once considered grouped into a Northern Daly family. Contemporary classifications may use Northern Daly to refer to Malak-Malak to the exclusion of the Wagaydyic languages (as Nordlinger does).
Vocabulary
Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for three Daly languages:[7]
| gloss | Mulluk Mulluk
(Northern Daly) | Marithiel
(Western Daly) | Nanggumiri
(Southern Daly) |
| man | jinja | mäɽi | meːbur |
| woman | aluwaɽa | mogo | walmi |
| head | bundu | biji | däbi |
| eye | numuru | miɽi | damɔi |
| nose | jinin | jɛn | dedji |
| mouth | aɽe | ŋaɭ | dedir |
| tongue | njändilg | ŋaɭ ḏiri-ḏiri | daːŋ |
| stomach | mɛn | maři | dɛːgɛː |
| bone | muɽid | amuwa | ami |
| blood | dawud | wogirin | budjän |
| kangaroo | djɛjud | awɛdjiwuruŋ | djawugu |
| possum | wiju | abujiri | abundarmi |
| emu | | amuɽdjiːr | |
| crow | waŋgir | awag | awaŋgi |
| fly | ŋudjun | awamir | ami |
| sun | miɽi | bandi | miːri |
| moon | jɛl | biŋgal | diwin |
| fire | djiäŋ | djändji | jäŋgi |
| smoke | wɛn | djämu | jäŋgi dawan |
| water | waːg | wodi | guɽu |
References
- ^ Nordlinger, Rachel (2017). "Chapter 37: The languages of the Daly region (Northern Australia)". In Fortescue, Michael; Mithun, Marianne; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 782–807.
- ^ McConvell, Patrick; Evans, Nicholas, eds. (1997). Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
- ^ O'Grady, G. N.; Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M. (1966). "Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle 6". Anthropological Linguistics. 8 (2).
- ^ Tryon, D. T. (1968). "The Daly River languages: a survey". Papers in Australian Linguistics. 3: 21–36.
- ^ Tryon, D. T. (1974). Daly family languages, Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ a b Green, I. "The Genetic Status of Murrinh-patha" in Evans, N., ed. "The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent’s most linguistically complex region". Studies in Language Change, 552. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.
- ^ Capell, Arthur. 1940. The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia. Oceania 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
External links
- The Daly Languages website (dalylanguages.org) brings together analysis, field note sketches and recordings of these languages.
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| Africa | |
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Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia) | |
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New Guinea
and the Pacific | |
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| Australia | |
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North
America | |
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| Mesoamerica | |
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South
America | | Isolates
(extant in 2000) | |
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|
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Sign
languages | |
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| See also | |
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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